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MIG glossary

Trucking terms, explained

130+ insurance, compliance and freight terms every carrier runs into, written in plain English by a team that only does trucking. Search, jump by letter, or follow the links between related terms.

How to use this glossary

Trucking insurance has its own vocabulary, and a lot of it shows up on your policy, your FMCSA record, and the contracts shippers and brokers ask you to sign. This glossary from Marquee Insurance Group, a trucking-only insurance agency, defines the terms carriers ask us about most: the coverages on a trucking policy, FMCSA registration and safety terms, and the freight terms that drive how you get paid. Each entry links to related terms and to deeper guides on our site.

New to trucking? Start with the new authority startup guide and the insurance and compliance checklist. Reviewing a policy? Read how to read a trucking insurance policy first.

At a glance

131 terms across 20 letters
Last updated: September 2026
Maintained by: Marquee Insurance Group
Questions? (833) RING-MIG, Mon–Fri 8 AM–5 PM ET

A

Actual Cash Value (ACV)

The value of a truck or trailer at the time of a loss: replacement cost minus depreciation. Many Physical Damage policies settle a total loss at the lesser of ACV or the Stated Amount listed for that unit.

Additional Insured (AI)

A person or company added to a policy by endorsement so they receive coverage and defense under the named insured’s policy for claims that arise from the insured’s operations. In trucking, AI status is usually requested by shippers, brokers and lessors and is added to the Auto Liability policy (sometimes General Liability as well). An Additional Insured is not the same as a Loss Payee: AI sits on the liability side, Loss Payee sits on Physical Damage. Lenders and lessors often ask for both.

Automated Clearing House (ACH)

An electronic bank-to-bank transfer. Used for direct deposit and for paying premium straight from a checking account instead of by card or check.

Auto Liability (AL)

Coverage for injury or damage to third parties caused by the operation of a scheduled unit or driver. It has two main parts: Bodily Injury and Property Damage. Auto Liability is the coverage the FMCSA requires for-hire carriers to carry and prove through an insurance filing.

B

Bill of Lading (BOL)

The transport document that serves as the contract of carriage between a shipper and a carrier, a receipt for the goods, and the record of what was tendered and in what condition.

BMC-91X Filing

The form an insurance company files electronically with the FMCSA (now through Motus) as proof that a motor carrier has the minimum liability coverage its operating authority requires. The insurance company makes the filing, and it is tied to the MCS-90 endorsement on the Auto Liability policy. BMC-91 is used when one insurer provides the full required limit; BMC-91X when more than one insurer is involved.

Bobtail Insurance

Liability coverage for a tractor while it is driven without a trailer attached, whether or not the trip is business-related. It is most often carried by an owner-operator leased to a motor carrier: the carrier’s Auto Liability policy generally applies only while the truck is under dispatch for that carrier’s DOT authority, so bobtail coverage fills the gap when the driver is not under load for that DOT, such as heading home after dropping a trailer. Compare Non-Trucking Liability and Unladen Liability.

Bobtailing

Operating a tractor with no trailer attached. See Bobtail Insurance.

BOC-3 Filing

The designation of process agents: people or companies authorized to receive legal papers on a carrier’s behalf in each state where it operates. Most carriers use a blanket process agent service that covers every state. A BOC-3 must be on file with the FMCSA before operating authority is granted, and it is now handled through Motus.

Bodily Injury (BI)

Injury to a third party resulting from an accident for which the insured is at fault. One of the two components of Auto Liability.

Break-Bulk

Splitting a consolidated load into several smaller shipments for separate delivery.

Broker (Freight Broker)

A person or company that arranges transportation between a shipper that needs freight moved and an authorized motor carrier that moves it. Brokers must hold FMCSA broker authority and a broker bond.

Broker Bond (BMC-84)

The $75,000 surety bond (or BMC-85 trust fund) that freight brokers and freight forwarders must keep on file with the FMCSA to hold their authority. It protects carriers and shippers if the broker fails to pay for services.

C

Carrier

A company in the business of transporting goods by land, sea or air. In insurance conversations, “carrier” can also mean the insurance company, so context matters.

Certificate Holder

The party named on a Certificate of Insurance as its recipient. Being a certificate holder does not by itself provide any coverage; the certificate is evidence of insurance, not a change to the policy. Coverage rights come only through endorsements such as Additional Insured or Loss Payee.

Certificate of Insurance (COI)

A one-page summary of a policyholder’s coverages, limits, policy numbers and dates, issued to a third party (shipper, broker, lessor) as evidence of insurance. It does not change the policy. MIG clients can request certificates through the COI request page.

Chassis

A wheeled frame built to carry an intermodal container over the road.

Clean Up / Debris Removal

Coverage for the cost of cleaning up and removing cargo or debris after a covered accident, such as a load that spills from a trailer in a collision. Often included in or added to a Motor Truck Cargo policy, subject to its own limit.

Collision Coverage

The part of Physical Damage that applies when a scheduled unit is damaged by colliding with another vehicle or object, or by overturning. It can pay to repair or replace the unit, subject to the policy’s terms, deductible and valuation method.

Commercial Driver's License (CDL)

The license required to operate a commercial motor vehicle with a gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) of 26,001 lbs or more, a combination rated at 26,001 lbs or more where the towed unit is rated over 10,000 lbs, a vehicle designed to carry 16 or more people including the driver, or any vehicle hauling placarded hazardous materials. CDLs are issued in Classes A, B and C, with endorsements for specific operations such as hazmat (H), tankers (N), doubles/triples (T) and passengers (P).

Commodities

What is being hauled. Commodities are a major underwriting factor; some (such as hazmat, high-value goods and certain refrigerated products) carry higher rates or restrictions.

Comprehensive Coverage

The part of Physical Damage that applies when a scheduled unit is damaged by something other than a collision, such as fire, theft, vandalism, weather or hitting an animal.

Consolidation

Combining two or more shipments into a single load to lower the cost of transportation.

Contingent Cargo Insurance

A policy commonly held by freight brokers that can respond to a cargo claim if the motor carrier‘s own cargo policy fails to pay. It is secondary to the carrier’s coverage and applies only under the terms of the broker’s policy.

Contract Rates

A fixed price a carrier or broker negotiates with a shipper to move freight over a set period of time. Compare Spot Rates.

Controlled Substances / Alcohol BASIC

One of the seven CSA BASICs. It tracks operation of a commercial motor vehicle by a driver impaired by alcohol, illegal drugs, or misuse of prescription or over-the-counter medication. Example violations: use or possession of controlled substances or alcohol while on duty.

Courier

A trucking operation focused on fast delivery of time-sensitive or high-value shipments, from small packages up to expedited full truckload moves.

Crash Indicator BASIC

One of the seven CSA BASICs. It looks at a carrier’s history and pattern of crash involvement, including frequency and severity, using state-reported crash data. Formerly labeled “Crash Rate.”

CSA BASICs

The Behavior Analysis and Safety Improvement Categories used in FMCSA’s Compliance, Safety, Accountability (CSA) program. Roadside inspection, crash and investigation data are sorted into seven categories, each scored as a percentile against similar carriers: Unsafe Driving, Crash Indicator, Hours-of-Service Compliance, Vehicle Maintenance, Controlled Substances/Alcohol, Hazardous Materials Compliance and Driver Fitness.

CSA Scores

The percentile scores FMCSA’s Safety Measurement System assigns to a carrier in each BASIC. They identify carriers for intervention, show where safety problems exist, and track whether they are improving. Underwriters review CSA scores when quoting and renewing trucking accounts.

D

Deadhead

Driving with an empty trailer, usually to reach the next pickup. Deadhead miles are typically unpaid. Whether a unit is under dispatch while deadheading can affect which liability coverage applies, so lease agreements and policies should be read together.

Deductible

The amount the insured pays out of pocket on a covered loss before the insurance company pays the rest, up to the policy limit.

Detention

A charge a carrier bills when a driver is held at a shipper or receiver beyond the agreed free time for loading or unloading.

Door-to-Door

Transportation from the point of origin all the way to the final destination.

Door-to-Port

Transportation from the point of origin to a port of entry.

DOT Number (USDOT Number)

The unique identifier the U.S. Department of Transportation assigns to a carrier. It is used to track safety information, inspections, crash investigations and audits. USDOT numbers are issued and maintained through FMCSA’s Motus registration system and must be updated with a biennial update.

Drayage Carrier

A trucking company that moves goods a short distance by road, most often shuttling containers to and from ports and rail yards. Drayage carriers usually operate under the UIIA.

Driver Fitness BASIC

One of the seven CSA BASICs. It tracks operation of a commercial motor vehicle by drivers who are unfit because of a lack of training, experience or medical qualification. Example violations: no valid or appropriate CDL, or being medically unqualified to drive.

Driver Qualification (DQ) File

A record-keeping requirement for motor carriers. A DQ file must be kept on every driver who operates a commercial motor vehicle with a GVWR over 10,000 lbs in interstate commerce. It includes the application, MVR, road test or CDL, medical certificate and annual review, among other items.

Drug Testing and the FMCSA Clearinghouse

CDL drivers are subject to pre-employment, random, post-accident and reasonable-suspicion drug and alcohol testing. Motor carriers must register with the FMCSA Drug & Alcohol Clearinghouse, query it before hiring a driver and annually thereafter, and report violations.

Dry Van

The most common enclosed freight trailer, typically 48 or 53 feet long, used for general non-temperature-controlled freight.

E

Electronic Logging Device (ELD)

A device that connects to a truck’s engine and automatically records a driver’s Hours of Service along with vehicle movement data. Required for most drivers who must keep records of duty status.

Employer's Liability Coverage

Coverage for an employer’s legal costs when an employee sues over a workplace injury, alleging negligence. It is usually written alongside Workers’ Compensation and responds to claims that fall outside the workers’ comp benefit system.

Endorsement

A document that changes the terms of a policy: adding or removing a unit or driver, adding an Additional Insured or Loss Payee, or changing limits or coverages. Endorsements are issued by the insurance company. MIG’s Operations team handles endorsement requests for clients after a policy is bound.

Excess Liability

A policy that adds limits above a primary policy, most often Auto Liability, when a shipper or broker contract calls for more than the primary policy carries. Excess coverage follows the underlying policy’s terms and does not broaden them. Compare Umbrella Insurance.

F

Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA)

The agency within the U.S. Department of Transportation that regulates commercial motor carriers, drivers and vehicles in interstate commerce, including registration, safety rules and insurance requirements.

Flatbed

An open trailer with a flat deck and no sides or roof, used for freight that is loaded from the side or top or that does not fit in an enclosed trailer.

Form E / Form H Filings

State-level insurance filings. Form E is the certificate an insurance company files with a state to show a carrier meets that state’s minimum liability requirement; Form H is the companion cargo filing some states require. Which filings apply depends on the state and the type of authority, and the insurance company makes the filing. See also Intrastate.

Freight Brokerage

A company that buys and sells transportation services, matching shippers with carriers. Also called a 3PL (third-party logistics provider) when it offers broader logistics services.

Full Truckload (FTL)

A shipment that uses the entire trailer and moves from a single origin to a single destination. Compare Less-Than-Truckload.

G

General Liability (GL)

Coverage for bodily injury and property damage claims that arise from a business’s premises and operations rather than from driving a vehicle, such as a visitor injured at the yard. Some brokers and shippers require it as a condition of hauling for them. Availability and terms are subject to underwriting.

Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW) and GVWR

GVW is the actual weight of a vehicle including fuel, cargo and passengers. GVWR is the maximum loaded weight the manufacturer rates the vehicle for. Regulatory thresholds, such as the CDL and DQ file requirements, are based on GVWR.

H

Hazardous Materials (HM) Compliance BASIC

One of the seven CSA BASICs. It tracks unsafe handling of hazardous materials on a commercial motor vehicle. Example violations: leaking packages, missing shipping papers, or missing placards and markings when required.

Hazmat

Hazardous materials: any substance the Secretary of Transportation has designated as capable of posing an unreasonable risk to health, safety or property when transported in commerce. Hauling placarded hazmat requires a CDL hazmat endorsement, higher federal minimum liability limits and, usually, a hazmat safety permit.

Heavy Vehicle Use Tax (HVUT, Form 2290)

An annual federal tax on highway vehicles with a taxable gross weight of 55,000 lbs or more, filed with the IRS on Form 2290. Proof of payment is required to register the truck.

Hired Auto Liability

Liability coverage for bodily injury and property damage caused by a vehicle the insured hires, rents or borrows, including rental and loaner units. Often written together with non-owned auto as Hired and Non-Owned Auto.

Hired and Non-Owned Auto (HNOA)

Liability coverage for vehicles a business uses but does not own: rented or borrowed units and employees’ personal vehicles used on company business. It fills the gap between the scheduled-auto policy and vehicles the business never lists.

Hours-of-Service (HOS) Compliance BASIC

One of the seven CSA BASICs. It tracks operation of a commercial motor vehicle by drivers who are ill, fatigued, or out of compliance with hours-of-service rules, including records-of-duty-status violations. Example violations: exceeding driving limits, missing or false logs, driving while fatigued.

Want to know what these coverages would cost for your trucks?

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I

Insurance Quote

An estimate of premium for a specific set of coverages, based on the information provided: drivers, units, radius, commodities, loss history and more. Quotes are subject to underwriting review and can change if the information changes before the policy is bound.

Insured

A person or organization covered by an insurance policy. See also Named Insured and Additional Insured.

Intermodal

Freight that moves by more than one mode of transportation, typically in a container that transfers between ship, rail and truck. See Drayage and UIIA.

International Fuel Tax Agreement (IFTA)

An agreement among the 48 contiguous U.S. states and 10 Canadian provinces that lets a carrier operating in more than one jurisdiction file one quarterly fuel tax return through its base state instead of filing in every jurisdiction it travels through.

Related:IFTA basics

International Registration Plan (IRP)

A registration agreement among U.S. states and Canadian provinces that lets a carrier register its fleet once through its base jurisdiction, with fees split among the jurisdictions based on miles traveled in each. IRP registration produces the apportioned plate.

Interstate

Operations that cross state lines, or that carry freight that originated or will end in another state or country. Interstate carriers are regulated by the FMCSA.

Intrastate

Operations that stay entirely within one state. Intrastate carriers are regulated mainly by that state, which may set its own registration, insurance minimums and filing requirements (see Form E / Form H). The insurance company makes any required filing.

L

Lease Agreement

The contract under which an independent owner-operator places a truck under a motor carrier’s operating authority. Federal leasing rules require the lease to spell out, among other things, who is responsible for what insurance.

Lease-Purchase Plan

An arrangement, usually offered by a motor carrier, where a driver leases a truck from the carrier with the option to own it at the end of the term. Terms vary widely; read the agreement closely and compare the total cost to conventional financing before signing.

Less-Than-Truckload (LTL)

Freight that does not fill a trailer and shares space with other shippers’ freight, usually moving through terminals. Larger than parcel, smaller than full truckload.

Logistics

The planning and coordination of moving goods, including transportation, warehousing, people and facilities.

Loss Payee

A lender or lessor with a financial interest in a truck or trailer, named on the Physical Damage coverage for that unit so claim payments are made to them (or jointly with the insured). A Loss Payee is different from an Additional Insured: the Loss Payee is attached to Physical Damage, while the Additional Insured is attached to the Auto Liability policy. Because lenders and lessors usually require both, the two are often requested together.

Loss Runs

Reports from an insurance company documenting the claim activity on each policy it has written for the insured, including policies with no claims. Underwriters typically ask for three to five years of loss runs when quoting. They are generally available on request from the insurance company.

M

Managing General Agent (MGA)

A business an insurance company appoints to underwrite and manage policies on its behalf, often for specialty lines such as trucking. Agencies like MIG may place coverage through an MGA rather than directly with the insurance company.

MCS-150 (Biennial Update)

The form every USDOT-registered carrier must update at least every 24 months, even if nothing has changed, to keep its USDOT number active. The due month is set by the second-to-last digit of the USDOT number. The update is filed through FMCSA’s Motus system.

MCS-90 Endorsement

A federally required endorsement attached to a for-hire motor carrier’s Auto Liability policy. It guarantees that the insurance company will pay a final judgment for public liability up to the federal minimum, even if the policy would otherwise not cover the loss (for example, an unlisted unit). The insured must reimburse the insurance company for any payment the policy itself would not have owed. The MCS-90 goes hand in hand with the BMC-91X filing.

Medical Payments (Med Pay)

Coverage that can pay medical expenses for the driver and passengers in a scheduled vehicle who are injured in an accident, regardless of fault, up to a set limit.

Motor Carrier

A company that transports goods by truck over public roads, either for hire or as a private carrier hauling its own goods.

Motor Carrier Authority

FMCSA registration that authorizes a company to operate as a for-hire carrier in interstate commerce, whether hauling regulated commodities or passengers. Getting authority requires a USDOT number, proof of insurance filed by the insurance company, and a BOC-3. See Operating Authority.

Motor Carrier Number (MC Number)

The docket number the FMCSA assigns when it grants operating authority. MC numbers continue to be issued and used alongside USDOT numbers under Motus.

Motor Truck Cargo (MTC)

Coverage for damage to or loss of the freight a carrier is hauling, caused by a covered peril such as collision, fire, theft or overturn. Limits, commodity restrictions and exclusions vary by policy; shippers and brokers commonly require a minimum cargo limit.

Motor Vehicle Record (MVR)

A driver’s state driving record: license status, violations, accidents and suspensions. Underwriters review MVRs on every listed driver, and carriers must pull them for DQ files. See how to request an MVR in every state.

Motus

FMCSA’s registration system, launched in 2026 to replace the legacy Unified Registration System. New USDOT number and operating authority applications, biennial updates and related filings are processed through Motus. Existing USDOT and MC numbers carry over unchanged.

N

Named Insured

The person or business listed on the policy declarations as the policyholder. The named insured has the fullest rights under the policy: to receive notices, make changes, file claims and cancel. Others can be added as Additional Insureds but do not have those rights.

New Entrant Safety Audit

A review the FMCSA conducts within the first year after a new carrier receives interstate authority, to confirm it has basic safety management controls in place: driver qualification files, hours-of-service records, a drug and alcohol testing program, vehicle maintenance records and insurance. Failing the audit can lead to revocation of registration.

Non-Owned Trailer Coverage (NOTC)

Physical Damage coverage extended to a trailer the insured does not own while it is attached to a covered power unit. Coverage applies only while the trailer is attached to the scheduled unit.

Non-Trucking Liability (NTL)

Liability coverage, usually written for an owner-operator leased to a motor carrier, for times the truck is used for non-business purposes and is not under dispatch for the carrier, such as personal errands. Unlike Bobtail, NTL can apply with or without a trailer attached, but it does not apply while hauling or under dispatch.

O

Occupational Accident (Occ/Acc)

Coverage that can pay medical, disability and death benefits to an independent contractor injured while working under a lease with a motor carrier. It is not Workers’ Compensation and its benefits are limited to what the policy states.

Operating (Full-Service) Lease

A truck lease where the lessee pays for use of the equipment over a set term and returns it at the end, with no purchase obligation. Responsibility for maintenance, taxes and permits depends on the lease terms.

Operating Authority

The FMCSA registration that permits a for-hire carrier to operate in interstate commerce. The type of authority (for example, motor carrier of property, household goods, or broker) determines what the company may haul or arrange. Same concept as Motor Carrier Authority.

Operational Radius

How far a unit typically travels from its garaging location, usually grouped as local (under 50 miles), intermediate (50 to 200 miles) and long-haul (over 200 miles). Radius is a significant rating factor on trucking policies.

Out-of-Service Order (OOS)

A declaration by an authorized enforcement officer that a driver, vehicle or entire motor carrier operation may not legally operate until the cited condition is corrected.

Owner-Operator

A driver who owns (or leases) and operates his or her own truck. Owner-operators commonly run under a motor carrier’s authority through a lease agreement, or hold their own authority.

P

Partial Shipment

A shipment that takes up part of a trailer and leaves room for other freight.

Personal Injury Protection (PIP)

Coverage, required in some states, that can pay an insured’s medical and other injury-related costs regardless of fault. What it covers varies by state and may include medical expenses, lost income, funeral costs or survivor benefits. PIP does not pay for pain and suffering.

Physical Damage (PD)

Coverage for damage to the insured’s own equipment, regardless of fault, for units the coverage is scheduled on. It is made up of Comprehensive and Collision. Lenders and lessors are protected through a Loss Payee designation on this coverage.

Port-to-Door

Transportation from a port of entry to the final destination.

Power Unit

The truck or tractor only, not including any trailer.

Premium

The amount the insured pays for the coverage described in the policy. Taxes, fees and finance charges may apply in addition to the premium.

Premium Finance Agreement (PFA)

An arrangement where a premium finance company pays the policy premium to the insurance company up front and the insured repays the finance company in installments over the policy term, with interest and fees set out in the agreement. Missing installments can result in the policy being cancelled.

Primary and Non-Contributory

Wording a shipper or broker may require stating that the carrier’s policy will respond first (primary) and will not seek contribution from the requesting party’s own insurance (non-contributory) on a covered claim. It is provided by endorsement when the insurance company agrees to it.

Property Damage

Damage to a third party’s property resulting from an accident for which the insured is at fault. One of the two components of Auto Liability.

PSP (Pre-Employment Screening Program) Report

An FMCSA report a motor carrier can request on a driver applicant, with the driver’s written consent, showing the driver’s most recent five years of crash data and three years of roadside inspection history. Drivers can also request their own report.

R

Reefer Breakdown

Optional coverage added to a cargo policy for spoilage of refrigerated commodities caused by a mechanical breakdown of the refrigeration unit. Usually subject to its own deductible and to maintenance and inspection requirements.

Reefer (Refrigerated Trailer)

A fully enclosed, temperature-controlled trailer used to haul perishable freight.

S

Safety Measurement System (SMS)

The FMCSA system that uses roadside inspection results, state-reported crashes and investigation findings to score a carrier’s performance in each of the CSA BASICs.

Safety Rating

The rating FMCSA assigns after a compliance review: Satisfactory, Conditional or Unsatisfactory. Carriers that have never been reviewed are Unrated. A Conditional rating can affect insurance options and pricing, and an Unsatisfactory rating can result in an order to cease operations.

Scheduled Auto vs. Any Auto

Two ways an auto policy defines which vehicles are covered. A scheduled-auto policy covers only the specific units listed on it by VIN, which is standard in trucking; a unit that is not on the schedule generally is not covered. An any-auto policy covers all vehicles the insured owns, hires or uses, and is uncommon in trucking. Keeping the schedule current is the insured’s responsibility.

Shipper

The party that prepares and tenders freight for shipment.

Small Parcel

Transportation focused on individual packages rather than palletized or truckload freight.

Spot Rates

A one-time rate agreed between a carrier or broker and a shipper based on the current market for moving a load from point A to point B. Compare Contract Rates.

Stated Amount

The value the insured declares for each scheduled unit on a Physical Damage policy. At claim time, many policies pay the lesser of the stated amount, the actual cash value or the cost to repair, so overstating a unit’s value increases premium without increasing what the policy would pay.

Straight Truck

A truck whose cab and cargo body are on a single frame, as opposed to a tractor pulling a separate trailer. Box trucks and many dump trucks are straight trucks.

Supply Chain

The full sequence of steps involved in producing and delivering a product, from raw materials to the end customer.

T

Terminal Rental Adjustment Clause (TRAC) Lease

A truck lease with a small down payment and an agreed residual value. At the end of the term, the lessee either buys the truck for the residual value or has the leasing company sell it, with any difference from the residual value settled between the parties.

Towing and Storage

Coverage for towing and storage charges after a covered Physical Damage claim, for scheduled units that carry Physical Damage coverage. It is not roadside assistance; it applies only when a tow results from a covered loss.

Trailer Interchange Agreement

A written contract under which one carrier hands a trailer to another to complete delivery or transfer it onward. A written agreement is what triggers Trailer Interchange coverage.

Trailer Interchange (TI)

Physical Damage coverage for a trailer the insured does not own while it is in the insured’s possession under a written trailer interchange agreement. Unlike Non-Owned Trailer Coverage, it can apply whether or not the trailer is attached to the power unit, but only while the agreement is in force.

Transportation Risk

The exposure to loss inherent in moving freight: cargo damage, accidents, liability to third parties, regulatory penalties and business interruption.

U

Umbrella Insurance

A policy that adds limits above one or more primary policies, commonly Auto Liability, General Liability and Employer’s Liability, and responds once a primary limit is exhausted. An umbrella can also cover some claims the primary policies exclude, which is the main difference from Excess Liability.

Underinsured Motorist (UIM)

Coverage that can pay for the insured’s injuries when an at-fault driver’s liability limits are not enough to cover the loss. Availability and rules vary by state.

Unified Carrier Registration (UCR)

An annual registration and fee program for motor carriers, brokers, freight forwarders and leasing companies operating in interstate commerce, administered through the states. Fees are based on the number of vehicles. UCR is separate from USDOT/MC registration and from IRP.

Uniform Intermodal Interchange and Facilities Access Agreement (UIIA)

The standard industry contract governing the interchange of intermodal equipment (containers and chassis) between trucking companies and equipment providers such as ocean carriers, railroads and leasing companies. Drayage carriers must be UIIA participants, which requires specific insurance coverages and limits certified to the UIIA.

Uninsured Motorist (UM)

Coverage that can pay for the insured’s injuries caused by an at-fault driver who has no liability insurance, or by a hit-and-run driver. Availability and rules vary by state.

Unladen Liability

Liability coverage for an owner-operator’s truck when it is operated without a load, whether bobtailing or pulling an empty trailer, and not under dispatch for the motor carrier. Some lease agreements require it in place of or alongside Bobtail or Non-Trucking Liability; the exact trigger depends on the policy form.

Unsafe Driving BASIC

One of the seven CSA BASICs. It tracks operation of a commercial motor vehicle in a dangerous or careless manner. Example violations: speeding, reckless driving, improper lane changes and inattention.

V

Vehicle Identification Number (VIN)

The 17-character serial number that uniquely identifies a truck or trailer. Units are scheduled on a policy by VIN.

Vehicle Maintenance BASIC

One of the seven CSA BASICs. It tracks failure to properly maintain a commercial motor vehicle or secure its load. Example violations: brake, light and other mechanical defects, failure to make required repairs, and improper load securement.

W

Waiver of Subrogation

An endorsement in which the insurance company gives up its right to recover a claim payment from a third party named in the waiver, typically a shipper or broker that requires it by contract. It is provided when the insurance company agrees to it and may affect premium.

Warehouse

A facility used to store goods, often on behalf of another party.

Wholesaler (Wholesale Broker)

An insurance intermediary that places business on behalf of retail agencies with insurance companies the retail agency does not have direct access to, without dealing with the insured directly. Wholesalers often specialize in hard-to-place or specialty risks.

Workers' Compensation

State-mandated coverage that pays medical, rehabilitation and wage-replacement benefits to employees injured on the job, regardless of fault. Requirements vary by state. See also Employer’s Liability and Occupational Accident.

Common questions

Questions these terms usually lead to

What insurance does a new trucking authority need?

At minimum, for-hire carriers need Auto Liability at the federal minimum for what they haul, proven to the FMCSA by an insurance filing (BMC-91X) with an MCS-90 endorsement. Most also carry Motor Truck Cargo and Physical Damage, and shippers and brokers usually require cargo and general liability limits by contract. See the new authority startup guide and new authority insurance.

Why does my FMCSA filing show $750,000 when my policy says $1,000,000?

The filing reflects the federal minimum the MCS-90 endorsement guarantees for your operation, not your policy limit. Your policy still carries the higher limit. Here’s why the numbers differ.

What's the difference between an additional insured and a loss payee?

An additional insured is added to the liability side of the policy (Auto Liability) and receives coverage and defense for claims arising from your operations. A loss payee is a lender or lessor named on Physical Damage coverage so claim payments for that unit go to them. Lenders and lessors usually ask for both. See shipper and broker insurance requirements.

How do CSA scores affect trucking insurance?

Underwriters review a carrier’s CSA BASIC percentiles, out-of-service rates and crash history when quoting and renewing. Higher scores in Unsafe Driving, Hours-of-Service and Vehicle Maintenance tend to mean fewer carrier options and higher premiums. How safety scores affect premiums.

Not sure which of these your policy actually has?

A trucking insurance specialist can walk through your coverages with you. Mon–Fri, 8 AM–5 PM ET. Or start with our guide to reading a trucking insurance policy.

Information disclaimer: These definitions are general explanations for educational purposes and are not legal, regulatory or insurance advice. Coverages, limits and requirements vary by state, insurance company and policy, and the language of your policy controls. Regulatory references reflect FMCSA rules at the time of writing and may change. Please talk to a licensed agent about coverage in your state.